THE PROBLEM

Silicon Valley data centers stand empty awaiting power connections — report

The facilities, built by Digital Realty and Stack, have supply agreements in place with local grid operator Silicon Valley Power (SVP), but are waiting on upgrades to the energy network. These may not be in place until 2028, according to a report from Bloomberg.

Digital Realty apparently obtained planning permission for the data center in 2019 but has yet to get a grid connection six years later.

Meanwhile, a 48MW Stack data center is also in a similar position, the report said.

Speaking to Bloomberg, SVP spokesperson Janine de la Vega said: “SVP is undertaking a $450 million system upgrade to meet the needs of these and other customers, and the project is currently on schedule to be completed in 2028.”

Source: datacenterdynamics.com, November 11, 2025, by Matthew Gooding.

THE RESPONSE

Amazon data centers consumed 2.5 billion gallons of water in 2025

The landmark disclosure represents Amazon's first public accounting of its total data center water consumption — a volume equivalent to roughly 3,800 Olympic-sized swimming pools.

Across its network of more than 900 facilities in over 50 countries, Amazon utilizes massive water-based cooling systems to prevent server overheating. While the retail and cloud giant highlighted a 2% decline in direct water usage from 2024 — attributing the reduction to more efficient cooling and a commitment to return water to communities — critics point out that such high-level global metrics can obscure the localized strain these facilities place on drought-prone areas.

This massive resource consumption is driving a political backlash, with communities and lawmakers demanding greater transparency. In the U.S., Utah recently enacted a groundbreaking law requiring certain new data centers to publicly report their annual water use, while local residents elsewhere voice concern over falling water pressure and rising utility bills.

Public sentiment reflects this tension: a recent national survey revealed that only one-third of Americans support new data center construction, and a mere 14% would accept having one built near their home.

Source: Bhutani, A. (2026). Amazon Says Its Data Centers Used 2.5 Billion Gallons of Water in 2025. The Wall Street Journal.

Deployment

Clustered AWG farms sized to facility load

A single data center's cooling and operational water demand can be met by clustering multiple AWG units into a farm — scaled the same way as an agricultural deployment, from a single 500L unit up to a 10,000L industrial substation array.

Facility TypeTypical NeedRecommended Configuration
Edge / Micro Data CenterHundreds of gallons/dayClustered 10,000L units
Regional Data CenterThousands of gallons/dayClustered 10,000L units
Hyperscale / NOC CampusTens of thousands of gallons/dayLarge Capacity Industrial substation arrays
Case Study

What is the source of your water?

A closer look at where data center water actually comes from today — and the case for an independent, atmosphere-sourced supply.

BACKGROUND

The hidden infrastructure behind every query

A data center is the technological hub of modern enterprise operations, delivering the IT resources and services that businesses, partners and customers rely on worldwide. Running that infrastructure at scale demands a dedicated space engineered around four needs: power, cooling, security and management.

COOLING & WATER

Cooling is where the water goes

The power delivered to a data center becomes computing work — and heat. Removing that heat with conventional HVAC systems demands large quantities of non-potable water. Vendor cooling-loop specs typically call for clean, bacteria-free water (under 100 CFU/mL) such as demineralized, reverse osmosis, deionized or distilled water, filtered to 50 microns.

The Evidence

Real deployments, real water numbers

MESA, AZ

1.25M gallons a day

An $800 million data center approved in Mesa, Arizona was projected to need up to 1.25 million gallons of water daily to keep servers from overheating — during the region's driest 12-month stretch in 126 years.

SCALE

600+ hyperscale centers

Hyperscale data centers roughly doubled between 2015 and 2020, with about 40% located in the U.S. and Amazon, Google and Microsoft accounting for over half of the total.

AI DEMAND

A bottle of water per email

Training modern AI models consumes enormous water volumes for cooling — Microsoft reported 700,000 liters used training GPT-3, and Meta reported 22 million liters training its LLaMA-3 model, per Washington Post reporting.

A Closer Look

The typical data center's daily draw

According to Venkatesh Uddameri, professor and director of the Water Resources Center at Texas Tech University, a typical data center's daily water use is comparable to that of a city of 30,000–50,000 people. Big tech's own sustainability commitments — like Amazon's pledge to be "water positive" by 2030 — look further out than the water these facilities are drawing today.

Read the full case study

Download GTG's complete case study on data center water sourcing and the AWG farm alternative.

Download the PDF
VIDEO

Data Centers: What Is the Source of Your Water?

GTG's case study on data center water sourcing, municipal strain, and the AWG farm alternative.

Watch the Video
Off-Grid Data Center Power

PTE Turbofans: green energy power, off-grid

Two PTE Power turbofan containers deployed on a data center rooftop

Off-Grid Primary Power housed in 2–20' containers that produce 20MW scalable to GW with no single point of failure. Turbofans can accommodate an array of fuel to provide 24 x 7 x 365 operation.

FIG.1 PTE Turbofans presentation cover slide

PTE Enterprise Presentation

The full business case for off-grid data center power and water, covering the technology, deployment model, and economics.

Watch the PTE Turbofan Video
Turnkey Delivery

Portable Turbine Energy (PTE) LLC

TURNKEY CONSTRUCTION Portable Turbine Energy LLC — turnkey data center construction with autonomous PTE green turbine energy

Turnkey data center construction

Portable Turbine Energy (PTE) LLC delivers turnkey data center construction paired with autonomous PTE green turbine energy — a single accountable partner for the facility and its off-grid power.

EXPERTISE PTE expertise across ideation, planning, design, development, QA, deployment and maintenance

End-to-end delivery expertise

From ideation and planning through design, development, QA, deployment and ongoing maintenance — PTE covers every stage of bringing a turbine-powered facility online.

ENGINEERING Data center engineering diagram showing software-defined networking, rack integration, and facility power and cooling layers

Chip-to-facility systems integration

Advanced infrastructure engineering spanning the software-defined network layer, rack and system integration, and the facility's power and cooling infrastructure — engineered as one integrated system.

Presentation

PTE Turbofans: the full deck

SLIDE 02PTE Turbofans presentation slide 2
SLIDE 03PTE Turbofans presentation slide 3
SLIDE 04PTE Turbofans presentation slide 4
SLIDE 05PTE Turbofans presentation slide 5
SLIDE 06PTE Turbofans presentation slide 6
SLIDE 07PTE Turbofans presentation slide 7
SLIDE 08PTE Turbofans presentation slide 8
SLIDE 09PTE Turbofans presentation slide 9
SLIDE 10PTE Turbofans presentation slide 10
SLIDE 11PTE Turbofans presentation slide 11
SLIDE 12PTE Turbofans presentation slide 12
SLIDE 13PTE Turbofans presentation slide 13
SLIDE 14PTE Turbofans presentation slide 14
SLIDE 15PTE Turbofans presentation slide 15

Sizing an AWG farm for your facility?

Our engineering team will model your facility's water load against local temperature and humidity data.

Talk to Engineering